Price Fluctuation, Protected Geographical Indications and Employment in the Spanish Small Ruminant Sector during the COVID-19 Crisis.

Official milk prices in the Spanish small ruminant sector were used for 5 years (2015-2019) to analyze the effect caused by the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) crisis in 2020. Meat price fluctuations were also studied using the weekly prices officially provided by some of the main agrarian markets of the country (n = 6) in 2019 and 2020. Moreover, the sales and prices of three protected geographical indications (PGI) of lamb meat served to study the marketability when the products are sold or not under these quality labels in a crisis context. According to Spanish Government's official communications, 2020 was divided in three periods of study (pre-COVID-19, total confinement and post-confinement). The evolution of employment in this subsector in 2020, as a direct consequence of this crisis, was also analyzed considering data provided by producers. Results showed an intra-annual seasonal effect for milk prices in 2020 for both livestock species, as observed in previous years. However, a negative economic impact on goat milk prices due to the pandemic was checked during the confinement and post-confinement months. Sheep milk prices remained stable. Lamb and goat kid meat prices showed a similar trend in comparison with 2019 during the pre-COVID-19 period. The total confinement period recorded a short interval of 1-2 weeks in which the prices declined, before the suspension of quotations in many markets. In contrast, once confinement was completed, meat prices for both ruminant species rapidly reached levels that existed before the coronavirus crisis. Overall data suggested the protective effect of the PGI marks on lamb meat. Lambs with a PGI had better 2020 prices than non-PGI lambs (+8%), regardless of the period analyzed. Moreover, with fewer lambs sold in 2020, there was a relevant drop in sales of non-PGI lambs vs. PGI (-19% vs. -2%) during the first 7 months. Finally, there was little or no readjustment of the workforce in the small ruminant flocks.

Exposición ocupacional a los virus influenza de las aves silvestres / Occupational exposure to influenza virus of the wild birds

Las aves acuáticas silvestres representan el principal reservorio natural de los virus influenza y han participado en el reordenamiento tanto de virus pandémicos como de los virus responsables de los brotes de gripe aviar en las especies domésticas y silvestres. Con el objetivo de conocer los determinantes implicados, en el presente trabajo se revisaron los casos humanos de influenza aviar asociados al manejo de avessilvestres y la utilización de los equipos de protección personal, así como las bases de la vigilancia de la influencia aviar altamente patógena en aves silvestres en España. Las evidencias existentes permiten concluir que la transmisión directa de virus influenza desde las aves silvestres al ser humano es un evento raro. No obstante, nuestro contexto epidemiológico se encuentra influido por el cambio climático y queda marcado por la presencia de rutas migratorias desde territorios donde la infección puede estar presente. Por ello, y ante las implicaciones clínicas, económicas y para la salud pública que dichas infecciones pueden tener, los diferentes colectivos expuestos a las aves silvestres (veterinarios, biólogos, ornitólogos, conservacionistas, técnicos de campo, agentes medioambientales, cetreros, cazadores, etc.) deberían conocer las posibles fuentes de contagio y manejar correctamente los equipos de protección personal. Al mismo tiempo, es importante que dichos grupos conozcan la situación sanitaria actualizada respecto a la influenza aviar, para adaptar sus actividades en consecuencia y poder aplicar las medidas de protección de forma proporcionada a la misma, amén de aportar una valiosa información para los programas de vigilancia

Wild waterfowl are considered the main natural reservoir of influenza viruses and they have contributed to the reassortment of both pandemic viruses and viruses responsible for outbreaks of avian influenza in wild and domestic species. In order to determinate the factors involved, we reviewed the human cases of avian influenza related to the management of wild birds, the use of personal protective equipment, as well as the basis of surveillance programs of highly pathogenic avian influenza in wild birds in Spain. The direct transmission of influenza virus from wild birds to humans is a rare event. However, our epidemiological context is influenced by climate change and marked by the presence of migratory routes from territories where infection may be present. Thus and due to the clinical, economical and public health implications that such infections may have, the different groups exposed to wild birds (veterinarians, biologists, ornithologists, conservationists, field technicians, environmental officers, falconers, hunters, etc.) should know which are the possible sources of infection and how to handle the personal protective equipment. Besides, it is important that those groups know the current sanitary situation regarding avian influenza so they can consequently adapt their activities and employ proper protective measures, in addition to providing valuable information for surveillance programs

Zoonosis y salud laboral en la profesión veterinaria / Zoonoses and occupational health in the veterinary profession

La profesión veterinaria presenta mayor riesgo de infección frente a agentes patógenos de carácter zoonósico que la población general. Con el objetivo de valorar el impacto de las zoonosis, el presente trabajo revisa las encuestas publicadas sobre salud laboral en la profesión veterinaria. En dichas encuestas, el rango de profesionales que refieren haber padecido al menos una zoonosis oscila entre el 4% y el 64,3%, siendo la dermatofitosis la zoonosis comunicada con mayor frecuencia. Además, desde el punto de vista cualitativo, cabe destacar la comunicación de diferentes procesos de especial gravedad clínica, así como la existencia documentada de infecciones por agentes patógenos resistentes a los antimicrobianos. Dada la ausencia de estudios actualizados en España, se reflexiona sobre la necesidad de conocer los determinantes de salud asociados a las características del mercado laboral de la profesión en nuestro entorno. Los datos existentes sugieren que la consideración legal de enfermedad profesional para las zoonosis se encuentra infraestimada en nuestro país. Por todo ello, la realización de encuestas de salud laboral, la documentación y publicación de los casos, así como la revisión de los riesgos y el impacto de las zoonosis en la profesión veterinaria, pueden contribuir a la calificación y notificación de dichas enfermedades por parte de la administración sanitaria, al tiempo que suponen una herramienta fundamental en el ámbito de la prevención de riesgos laborales

The veterinary profession implies a greater risk of infection by zoonotic pathogens than the overall population. The aim of the present work was to evaluate the impact of zoonoses on the occupational health of veterinarians reviewing the published surveys addressing this subject. Following these inquiries, between 4% and 64.3% of the surveyed professionals acknowledge to have suffered at least one zoonotic disease, and dermatophytosis is the most frequently described zoonosis. In addition, from a qualitative point of view, it is necessary to highlight the occurrence of different diseases of important clinical seriousness and the existence of infections by antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. Due to the absence of updated studies in Spain, the present work reflects on the need to recognize the health determinants associated to the veterinary profession within the characteristics of our labour market. The available data suggest that the occurrence of zoonoses as occupational diseases is underestimated in Spain. Therefore, performing surveys on occupational health, documenting and publishing cases and reviewing the risks and the impact of zoonotic diseases on the veterinary profession would contribute to the description and notification of such diseases on behalf of the healthcare administration and would also become an essential tool in occupational risk prevention